"By what criterion... can we distinguish among the numberless effects, that are also causes, and among the causes that may, for aught we can know, be also effects, - how can we distinguish which are the means and which are the ends?"
About this Quote
The subtext is anti-teleology. “Means” and “ends” are not neutral descriptors; they’re value judgments disguised as logic. To name an “end” is to presume a purpose, a finality, a natural stopping point. Wright pushes back: what looks like an endpoint may just be a convenient place to stop thinking. His italicized humility - “for aught we can know” - matters. It’s not relativism for sport; it’s an epistemic discipline, an early American pragmatist sensibility that treats knowledge as provisional and human-scaled.
Contextually, Wright is writing in the post-Darwin intellectual weather, when purpose-built explanations of nature were losing their prestige. His question reads like a bridge between scientific caution and democratic skepticism: if causality is an interlocking network, then the authority of any single “root cause” (or “ultimate goal”) should be treated as rhetoric before it’s treated as truth.
Quote Details
| Topic | Reason & Logic |
|---|---|
| Source | Help us find the source |
| Cite | Cite this Quote |
Citation Formats
APA Style (7th ed.)
Wright, Chauncey. (n.d.). By what criterion... can we distinguish among the numberless effects, that are also causes, and among the causes that may, for aught we can know, be also effects, - how can we distinguish which are the means and which are the ends? FixQuotes. https://fixquotes.com/quotes/by-what-criterion-can-we-distinguish-among-the-49666/
Chicago Style
Wright, Chauncey. "By what criterion... can we distinguish among the numberless effects, that are also causes, and among the causes that may, for aught we can know, be also effects, - how can we distinguish which are the means and which are the ends?" FixQuotes. Accessed February 2, 2026. https://fixquotes.com/quotes/by-what-criterion-can-we-distinguish-among-the-49666/.
MLA Style (9th ed.)
"By what criterion... can we distinguish among the numberless effects, that are also causes, and among the causes that may, for aught we can know, be also effects, - how can we distinguish which are the means and which are the ends?" FixQuotes, https://fixquotes.com/quotes/by-what-criterion-can-we-distinguish-among-the-49666/. Accessed 2 Feb. 2026.











