"By what criterion... can we distinguish among the numberless effects, that are also causes, and among the causes that may, for aught we can know, be also effects, - how can we distinguish which are the means and which are the ends?"
About this Quote
The subtext is anti-teleology. “Means” and “ends” are not neutral descriptors; they’re value judgments disguised as logic. To name an “end” is to presume a purpose, a finality, a natural stopping point. Wright pushes back: what looks like an endpoint may just be a convenient place to stop thinking. His italicized humility - “for aught we can know” - matters. It’s not relativism for sport; it’s an epistemic discipline, an early American pragmatist sensibility that treats knowledge as provisional and human-scaled.
Contextually, Wright is writing in the post-Darwin intellectual weather, when purpose-built explanations of nature were losing their prestige. His question reads like a bridge between scientific caution and democratic skepticism: if causality is an interlocking network, then the authority of any single “root cause” (or “ultimate goal”) should be treated as rhetoric before it’s treated as truth.
Quote Details
| Topic | Reason & Logic |
|---|---|
| Source | Verified source: Philosophical Discussions (Chauncey Wright, 1877)
Evidence:
By what criterion … can we distinguish among the numberless effects, that are also causes, and among the causes that may, for aught we can know, be also effects, , how can we distinguish which are the means and which are the ends? (Page 36). This line is explicitly cited with the locator “(PD 36)” in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Chauncey Wright, where “PD” refers to Wright’s posthumous collected volume *Philosophical Discussions* edited by Charles Eliot Norton. This verifies the wording and the page number within that volume. However, I was not able (due to tool access limits fetching the PDF text itself) to independently open page 36 and confirm whether the quotation’s *first appearance* was earlier (e.g., in one of Wright’s original journal essays later reprinted in *Philosophical Discussions*). So: primary source is Wright’s own writing as printed in *Philosophical Discussions* (1877), p. 36; but the *earliest publication venue/date prior to this collection* remains unverified here. |
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Citation Formats
APA Style (7th ed.)
Wright, Chauncey. (2026, February 15). By what criterion... can we distinguish among the numberless effects, that are also causes, and among the causes that may, for aught we can know, be also effects, - how can we distinguish which are the means and which are the ends? FixQuotes. https://fixquotes.com/quotes/by-what-criterion-can-we-distinguish-among-the-49666/
Chicago Style
Wright, Chauncey. "By what criterion... can we distinguish among the numberless effects, that are also causes, and among the causes that may, for aught we can know, be also effects, - how can we distinguish which are the means and which are the ends?" FixQuotes. February 15, 2026. https://fixquotes.com/quotes/by-what-criterion-can-we-distinguish-among-the-49666/.
MLA Style (9th ed.)
"By what criterion... can we distinguish among the numberless effects, that are also causes, and among the causes that may, for aught we can know, be also effects, - how can we distinguish which are the means and which are the ends?" FixQuotes, 15 Feb. 2026, https://fixquotes.com/quotes/by-what-criterion-can-we-distinguish-among-the-49666/. Accessed 22 Feb. 2026.











