"Every science has for its basis a system of principles as fixed and unalterable as those by which the universe is regulated and governed. Man cannot make principles; he can only discover them"
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Paine is doing something slyly radical here: he’s smuggling political revolution into the language of scientific humility. By insisting that “principles” are “fixed and unalterable,” he borrows the prestige of Newton’s clockwork universe and turns it into a moral cudgel. The point isn’t that humans are small; it’s that kings, priests, and lawmakers are smaller than they claim. If principles are discovered rather than invented, then authority can’t credibly argue that rights, legitimacy, or social order are whatever the powerful say they are this year.
The subtext is an Enlightenment power move. Paine frames reason as a kind of public property: anyone can test, recognize, and appeal to principles the way anyone can observe gravity. That is a direct hit on inherited hierarchy and revealed doctrine, both of which depend on the idea that truth arrives through special channels - bloodline, ordination, tradition. In Paine’s formulation, institutions don’t “create” justice; they either align with it or they don’t. The implication is brutal: a government that violates natural rights isn’t merely mistaken, it’s illegitimate in the same way a scientist is illegitimate if he denies basic laws.
Context matters. Paine is writing from the combustible era of the American and French Revolutions, when “self-evident” truths and “natural rights” were rhetorical weapons, not classroom abstractions. His science-talk isn’t neutral. It’s a bid to replace obedience with verification, deference with standards, and political argument with something closer to a universal audit.
The subtext is an Enlightenment power move. Paine frames reason as a kind of public property: anyone can test, recognize, and appeal to principles the way anyone can observe gravity. That is a direct hit on inherited hierarchy and revealed doctrine, both of which depend on the idea that truth arrives through special channels - bloodline, ordination, tradition. In Paine’s formulation, institutions don’t “create” justice; they either align with it or they don’t. The implication is brutal: a government that violates natural rights isn’t merely mistaken, it’s illegitimate in the same way a scientist is illegitimate if he denies basic laws.
Context matters. Paine is writing from the combustible era of the American and French Revolutions, when “self-evident” truths and “natural rights” were rhetorical weapons, not classroom abstractions. His science-talk isn’t neutral. It’s a bid to replace obedience with verification, deference with standards, and political argument with something closer to a universal audit.
Quote Details
| Topic | Truth |
|---|
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