"Justice consists in doing no injury to men; decency in giving them no offense"

Cicero draws a critical distinction between justice and decency, revealing how the moral fabric of society depends upon both principles. Justice, as he defines it, is the fundamental requirement to abstain from causing harm to others. This concept positions justice not as an act of kindness or generosity, but as an essential restraint: one must not infringe on the rights, property, or personhood of fellow human beings. By doing no injury, individuals uphold the minimal standard necessary for a functional and moral society. Laws often reflect this by prohibiting acts that directly injure others, articulating the boundaries within which we must operate.

However, Cicero goes beyond legalistic interpretations of moral conduct. Decency, in his view, requires sensitivity to the feelings and dignity of others, extending ethical responsibility into the realm of social interactions and manners. Where justice prevents outright harm, decency encourages individuals to avoid giving offense, to be considerate, tactful, and respectful. This does not necessarily mean pandering or suppressing truth, but rather exercising empathy and discretion.

The two concepts, though related, function on different planes. Justice is about the outward action, do not do to others what would constitute an injury. Decency is about the inner attitude and the subtler impact of our words or behavior, do not offend or cause discomfort needlessly. A society that observes only justice may be lawful but cold, lacking the warmth that decency provides. Conversely, decency without a backbone of justice may devolve into mere politeness, lacking moral substance.

Cicero’s differentiation serves as a reminder that ethical living requires both the avoidance of tangible harm and a commitment to fostering goodwill among people. Together, justice and decency create a balanced approach to human relations, making coexistence not only possible, but harmonious and humane.