"Next it was found that it was physiologically and structurally the same in the plant, that it was the living part of the plant, that which manifested the life and did the work in vegetable as well as in animal organisms"
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Gray is smuggling a revolution into the calm voice of a lab report. That dense chain of clauses - “physiologically and structurally the same,” “living part,” “manifested the life and did the work” - is the sound of nineteenth-century biology trying to unify nature without sounding like it’s picking a fight with theology. He’s pointing to a then-radical insight: whatever “it” is (in Gray’s era, think protoplasm/cell substance as the active material of life), it doesn’t respect the old prestige hierarchy that put animals closer to “real” life and plants nearer to mechanism. The same stuff, organized on the same principles, does the same essential labor across kingdoms.
The intent is methodological as much as philosophical. Gray is advocating a comparative biology that treats plants as serious evidence, not decorative background for zoology. By describing this substance as the part that “did the work,” he shifts “life” from a mystical category to an operational one: life is what performs functions, builds structure, responds, grows. That framing makes biology legible to experiment and measurement, which is exactly where the century was heading.
The subtext is also political within science. Gray, a key American botanist and an important interlocutor with Darwin, is staking a claim for botany as central to big questions about vitality and common descent. If the living machinery is shared, the boundary between plant and animal looks less like a wall and more like a gradient - a conceptual opening that evolutionary theory would drive through.
The intent is methodological as much as philosophical. Gray is advocating a comparative biology that treats plants as serious evidence, not decorative background for zoology. By describing this substance as the part that “did the work,” he shifts “life” from a mystical category to an operational one: life is what performs functions, builds structure, responds, grows. That framing makes biology legible to experiment and measurement, which is exactly where the century was heading.
The subtext is also political within science. Gray, a key American botanist and an important interlocutor with Darwin, is staking a claim for botany as central to big questions about vitality and common descent. If the living machinery is shared, the boundary between plant and animal looks less like a wall and more like a gradient - a conceptual opening that evolutionary theory would drive through.
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| Topic | Science |
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