"Sin cannot be conceived in a natural state, but only in a civil state, where it is decreed by common consent what is good or bad"
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Spinoza guts the religious drama of “sin” with a cool political scalpel. He’s not arguing that people in nature are angels; he’s arguing that “sin” is not a raw fact of the universe the way hunger or fear is. It’s a category that only makes sense once a community has built rules, named priorities, and agreed to treat certain actions as violations. The bite is in the phrasing: sin is “decreed” and “by common consent” - the language of law, not heaven.
The intent is radical for a 17th-century Europe saturated in confessional politics, where church authority and state power were tightly interlaced and moral failure could be prosecuted as civic threat. Spinoza, often read as a patron saint of secular modernity, is quietly shifting the locus of judgment from God’s tribunal to human governance. “Good” and “bad” become functions of social order: tools for coordinating behavior, distributing power, and enforcing conformity.
The subtext is also a warning. If sin depends on civil definition, then moral condemnation is never innocent; it’s a political act, shaped by who gets to write the code and whose interests that code protects. That doesn’t make ethics meaningless in Spinoza’s world - it makes it accountable. He’s asking readers to notice how quickly “moral truth” becomes a badge for obedience, and how easily a state can sanctify its preferences by calling them virtue.
The intent is radical for a 17th-century Europe saturated in confessional politics, where church authority and state power were tightly interlaced and moral failure could be prosecuted as civic threat. Spinoza, often read as a patron saint of secular modernity, is quietly shifting the locus of judgment from God’s tribunal to human governance. “Good” and “bad” become functions of social order: tools for coordinating behavior, distributing power, and enforcing conformity.
The subtext is also a warning. If sin depends on civil definition, then moral condemnation is never innocent; it’s a political act, shaped by who gets to write the code and whose interests that code protects. That doesn’t make ethics meaningless in Spinoza’s world - it makes it accountable. He’s asking readers to notice how quickly “moral truth” becomes a badge for obedience, and how easily a state can sanctify its preferences by calling them virtue.
Quote Details
| Topic | Ethics & Morality |
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