"The body is an instrument, the mind its function, the witness and reward of its operation"
About this Quote
The subtext is a rebuke to both religious dualism and the era’s airy idealisms: stop pretending consciousness floats free of physiology, habit, and environment. Santayana was a materialist with a poet’s ear, and he wants a view of the human that is simultaneously unsentimental and not reductive. Calling the mind “the witness and reward” matters. Witness suggests awareness as a kind of internal testimony: the organism taking note of its own activity. Reward suggests something earned, not granted - consciousness as an achievement of organized life, a payoff of successful coordination rather than an entitlement.
Context sharpens the edge. Writing across the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Santayana watched modernity elevate reason while ignoring the body’s role in producing it: industrial discipline, urban fatigue, new psychologies, new nervous disorders. The line reads like a compact corrective to a culture that worships intellect but forgets the machinery that makes thinking possible - and fragile.
Quote Details
| Topic | Wisdom |
|---|---|
| Source | Help us find the source |
| Cite |
Citation Formats
APA Style (7th ed.)
Santayana, George. (2026, January 15). The body is an instrument, the mind its function, the witness and reward of its operation. FixQuotes. https://fixquotes.com/quotes/the-body-is-an-instrument-the-mind-its-function-137490/
Chicago Style
Santayana, George. "The body is an instrument, the mind its function, the witness and reward of its operation." FixQuotes. January 15, 2026. https://fixquotes.com/quotes/the-body-is-an-instrument-the-mind-its-function-137490/.
MLA Style (9th ed.)
"The body is an instrument, the mind its function, the witness and reward of its operation." FixQuotes, 15 Jan. 2026, https://fixquotes.com/quotes/the-body-is-an-instrument-the-mind-its-function-137490/. Accessed 12 Feb. 2026.













