"The common behavior of mankind is the system of reference by means of which we interpret an unknown language"
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Wittgenstein’s line quietly demotes the dictionary and elevates the crowd. Faced with an “unknown language,” we don’t start by hunting for perfect definitions; we watch what people do. Meaning, in his later philosophy, is not a ghost locked inside words but a public pattern of use, stitched into habits, gestures, reactions, and shared expectations. “Common behavior” functions like a measuring stick: it’s the baseline that lets us decide whether a sound is a warning, a joke, a request, or a prayer.
The intent is almost diagnostic. Wittgenstein is treating misunderstanding as a philosophical illness caused by thinking language is primarily a code. The subtext: if you’re lost, the problem may not be vocabulary but the “form of life” you’re trying to enter. That phrase matters because it pushes against a seductive picture of communication as private, inner translation. If language were truly private, no “system of reference” could exist; there would be nothing stable to check your interpretation against except your own impressions.
Contextually, this belongs to Wittgenstein’s break from his earlier, more formal view of language (the Tractatus era) toward the Investigations, where rules are not abstract rails but practices people learn by participation. It’s also a sly warning to philosophers: stop inventing metaphysical meanings and start observing ordinary cases. The irony is that “mankind” here isn’t romantic; it’s methodological. The messy, repetitive, unglamorous regularities of human life are what make understanding possible at all.
The intent is almost diagnostic. Wittgenstein is treating misunderstanding as a philosophical illness caused by thinking language is primarily a code. The subtext: if you’re lost, the problem may not be vocabulary but the “form of life” you’re trying to enter. That phrase matters because it pushes against a seductive picture of communication as private, inner translation. If language were truly private, no “system of reference” could exist; there would be nothing stable to check your interpretation against except your own impressions.
Contextually, this belongs to Wittgenstein’s break from his earlier, more formal view of language (the Tractatus era) toward the Investigations, where rules are not abstract rails but practices people learn by participation. It’s also a sly warning to philosophers: stop inventing metaphysical meanings and start observing ordinary cases. The irony is that “mankind” here isn’t romantic; it’s methodological. The messy, repetitive, unglamorous regularities of human life are what make understanding possible at all.
Quote Details
| Topic | Reason & Logic |
|---|---|
| Source | Help us find the source |
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