"The spirit's foe in man has not been simplicity, but sophistication"
About this Quote
The subtext is psychological as much as ethical. Sophistication breeds a hyperactive inner lawyer: every conviction can be qualified, every impulse explained away, every commitment held at ironic arm’s length. That posture feels intelligent and modern, but it corrodes the “spirit” Santayana cared about - the capacity for reverence, settled values, and a coherent inner life. Simplicity might be naive, even wrong; sophistication can be correct in a way that leaves you uninhabited.
Context matters. Santayana wrote across a period when “progress” increasingly meant complexity: industrial modernity, mass politics, professional expertise, a culture of ever finer distinctions. As a philosopher skeptical of moral grandstanding and allergic to pious abstraction, he saw how a civilization can become too shrewd for its own good. The sentence is compact because the diagnosis is: the spirit doesn’t get defeated by not knowing enough, but by knowing so much - and so strategically - that nothing can command you anymore.
Quote Details
| Topic | Wisdom |
|---|---|
| Source | Help us find the source |
| Cite |
Citation Formats
APA Style (7th ed.)
Santayana, George. (2026, January 17). The spirit's foe in man has not been simplicity, but sophistication. FixQuotes. https://fixquotes.com/quotes/the-spirits-foe-in-man-has-not-been-simplicity-51942/
Chicago Style
Santayana, George. "The spirit's foe in man has not been simplicity, but sophistication." FixQuotes. January 17, 2026. https://fixquotes.com/quotes/the-spirits-foe-in-man-has-not-been-simplicity-51942/.
MLA Style (9th ed.)
"The spirit's foe in man has not been simplicity, but sophistication." FixQuotes, 17 Jan. 2026, https://fixquotes.com/quotes/the-spirits-foe-in-man-has-not-been-simplicity-51942/. Accessed 25 Feb. 2026.









