"To sum up: it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence"
About this Quote
The subtext is Victorian and strikingly modern: beliefs are not sealed inside the skull. They leak into behavior, votes, purchases, prejudices, parenting, war. Clifford wrote in an era when religious authority still claimed public muscle while science was rapidly rewiring what counted as “knowledge.” His target isn’t faith alone; it’s intellectual slackness dressed up as sincerity. “To sum up” signals he thinks the case is already made, and the closing sentence is a kind of prosecutorial sentence: you don’t get to plead temperament, tradition, or good intentions.
What makes the line work is its audacity. The absolute language is rhetorically risky because it invites obvious counterexamples (love, trust, everyday assumptions). Clifford uses that risk as pressure: he forces the reader to feel how often we rely on vibes and social permission rather than proof. It’s an ethic designed for a crowded world, where one person’s “harmless” credulity becomes everyone else’s problem. In an attention economy that monetizes belief, Clifford’s severity sounds less puritan than prescient.
Quote Details
| Topic | Reason & Logic |
|---|---|
| Source | William K. Clifford, "The Ethics of Belief" (1877), essay (originally in Contemporary Review); source of the oft‑cited line about believing only on sufficient evidence. |
| Cite |
Citation Formats
APA Style (7th ed.)
Clifford, William Kingdon. (2026, January 15). To sum up: it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence. FixQuotes. https://fixquotes.com/quotes/to-sum-up-it-is-wrong-always-everywhere-and-for-12814/
Chicago Style
Clifford, William Kingdon. "To sum up: it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence." FixQuotes. January 15, 2026. https://fixquotes.com/quotes/to-sum-up-it-is-wrong-always-everywhere-and-for-12814/.
MLA Style (9th ed.)
"To sum up: it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence." FixQuotes, 15 Jan. 2026, https://fixquotes.com/quotes/to-sum-up-it-is-wrong-always-everywhere-and-for-12814/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2026.






