Philosophical treatise: De Motu

Introduction
"De Motu" or "A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, Part 2: On Motion" is a philosophical treatise written by George Berkeley in 1721. Berkeley, an Irish theorist who is most famously known for his philosophical system known as "idealism", develops a rigorous and original review of the ideas of movement, space, time, and force. Through this piece, Berkeley aims to advance his philosophical system, grounded in immaterialist ontology and empiricist epistemology, by attending to a few of the most fundamental ideas in physics and metaphysics.

On Absolute Space
Berkeley starts "De Motu" by challenging the dominating Newtonian idea of absolute space, which asserts that space is a distinct entity independent of the objects it consists of. For Berkeley, this idea is conceptually incoherent, as area can not be experienced or developed separately of the product things it contains. He likens the idea of absolute space to an abstract concept-- a mental construct that results from the compounding of sensory experiences, rather than an unbiased truth that exists separately of our understanding.

Berkeley then critiques the commonly accepted concept of "relative space", which holds that the positions and distances of items can just be understood relative to other things. Berkeley challenges this concept by showing that ranges and positions are always perceived with regard to the observer, instead of to other items. Consequently, for Berkeley, perception is necessarily egocentric-- that is, it always occurs from the perspective of the perceiver.

On Motion
Berkeley next handles the principle of motion, which he argues is contingent upon the viewing mind. He claims that movement is not an intrinsic or unbiased home of an object on the planet, however rather a perception that develops from the mind's association of various sensory experiences. To support this claim, Berkeley provides examples illustrating that the very same movement can be perceived differently by different observers based upon their position, highlighting the subjective nature of movement.

Berkeley even more claims that motion's direct cause is volition, or the workout of a representative's will. For him, there is no such thing as passive movement, as movement necessarily requires an agent's active intervention and psychological effort.

On Forces and Laws of Nature
Berkeley challenges the existence of forces, particularly gravity, as unbiased functions of the world. Rather, he argues that such forces are simple psychological constructs, resulting from the mind's propensity to search for patterns and structure in its experiences. Therefore, forces like gravity are not real causes but rather psychological shortcuts that enable us to anticipate and manage our experiences better.

Similarly, Berkeley argues that the so-called "laws of nature" are not unbiased facts, however rather general experiential principles derived from duplicated observations. These laws operate as heuristics, enabling us to navigate and make predictions about the world, however they do not expose any important homes of the world itself.

On Time
Finally, Berkeley turns his attention to the concept of time. Like area, he declines the concept of outright time, which asserts that time exists separately of all things. Instead, he maintains that time is a psychological phenomenon, arising from the order and series of our experiences. As such, time can not be experienced or determined independently of the events and experiences to which it is linked.

In summary, Berkeley's "De Motu" offers an extreme critique of the foundational principles of physics and metaphysics, grounded in his immaterialist ontology, and empiricist epistemology. Through this work, Berkeley dismantles the concept of outright and relative space, motion, forces, laws of nature, and time as unbiased features of the world. Instead, he demonstrates that these basic ideas are intricately connected to human understanding, formed by the mind and its interactions with sensory experiences.