Poetry: Troilus and Criseyde

Title and Context
Geoffrey Chaucer's long Middle English poem Troilus and Criseyde, composed around 1385, retells a tragic love story set against the backdrop of the Trojan War. Drawing primarily on Boccaccio's Il Filostrato and classical sources, Chaucer reshapes the narrative into a nuanced exploration of feeling, fate, and language. The poem occupies a central place in Chaucer's oeuvre as one of his major narrative achievements and as a bridge between medieval courtly romance and later humanist concerns.

Plot Overview
Troilus, a young Trojan prince, becomes consumed by love for Criseyde, a widow related to Hector. His passion is at first hopeless, but Pandarus, Criseyde's wily uncle, engineers a series of meetings and persuades her to return Troilus's devotion. The lovers enjoy a fragile intimacy until political necessity leads to Criseyde's exchange to the Greek camp. There she meets Diomedes and, amid the pressures of exile and survival, forms a new attachment. Troilus learns of her betrayal and is undone by grief and disillusionment, while the narrative closes on a somber reflection about love, Fortune, and the limits of human agency.

Style and Structure
The poem is written in rhyme royal, a seven-line stanza form (ababbcc) that Chaucer handles with remarkable fluency and variety. His verse combines elegant formal control with conversational digressions, witty rhetoric, and a telling narratorial presence that comments on characters' motives and on the moral stakes of the tale. Scenes of wooing, confidences, and private counsel are rendered with psychological subtlety, while public moments of exchange and political maneuvering keep the personal passions anchored in broader social realities.

Themes and Characterization
Love, reason, and the workings of Fortune are woven tightly throughout the narrative. Troilus epitomizes the ardent lover whose idealism and sincerity come into collision with contingency and moral ambiguity. Criseyde is portrayed with complexity rather than simple villainy or virtue: pragmatic, susceptible to persuasion, and constrained by circumstances that complicate judgments about fidelity. Pandarus, part facilitator and part corrupter, raises questions about mediation, consent, and the ethics of friendship. Chaucer probes gender, speech, and performance, showing how eloquence and rhetoric can create and dissolve attachments.

Narrative Voice and Psychological Depth
Chaucer's narrator frequently intervenes to interpret events, to moralize, or to invite sympathy, creating a layered perspective that encourages readers to weigh competing viewpoints. The poem's sustained interiority, attention to doubt, shame, calculation, and self-deception, gives its characters an uncommon psychological realism for medieval narrative. Moments of intimacy are described with acute attention to small gestures and rhetorical nuance, so that betrayal and loss register not only as plot outcomes but as transformations of identity and outlook.

Legacy and Significance
Troilus and Criseyde has been celebrated for its stylistic grace, ethical complexity, and humane portraiture. It helped redefine narrative possibility in English poetry, and its influence reached later dramatists and novelists, most notably through Shakespeare's own adaptation of the Trojan lovers. The poem remains valued for the way it marries courtly material with a skeptical intelligence about passion and fate, leaving readers with a powerful, elegiac meditation on the risks and costs of loving in an unstable world.