"Nature that framed us of four elements, warring within our breasts for regiment, doth teach us all to have aspiring minds"

Machiavelli refers to an ancient conception of the human being, shaped by the four elements, earth, water, air, and fire, borrowed from classical philosophy. These elements were believed to constitute both the physical world and the human body. Within each person, they coexist not harmoniously but in constant tension and conflict, “warring within our breasts for regiment.” This conflict symbolizes the inner tumult of human nature: our desires, passions, and rationality are always in flux, sometimes working together, often at odds.

Such inner strife fosters a condition of restlessness, driving individuals towards ambition. Machiavelli interprets this not as a flaw but as something inherent to us, taught by nature herself. The “aspiring minds” he references emerge from the perpetual competition of elements within; the lack of perfect balance becomes a source of movement, curiosity, and striving. Rather than yielding to stasis or simple contentment, people are propelled by an inner urge to seek more, to grow, achieve, and surpass boundaries.

The natural order, in Machiavelli’s vision, does not foster passivity. Nature’s own “regiment,” or governing principle, is one of contention and striving, mirrored within the human soul. By observing this law within and without, individuals can understand why aspiration is so universal. The impulse to rise is not solely a product of conscious choice but is hardwired into human existence by the very way we are made. Thus, rather than seeking to suppress ambition or struggle, it is more authentic to acknowledge and channel them constructively.

Machiavelli’s insight foreshadows his broader philosophy that accepts and even embraces the realities of human nature, advocating pragmatic engagement with our instincts. Recognizing our foundational restlessness can be a source of wisdom and, properly guided, of greatness, suggesting that to aspire is both natural and necessary for human fulfillment.