"The idea of cultural relativism is nothing but an excuse to violate human rights"

Shirin Ebadi’s assertion “The idea of cultural relativism is nothing but an excuse to violate human rights” calls into question the validity of using cultural norms as justification for practices that undermine universal human rights. Cultural relativism is a concept in anthropology and ethics which argues that beliefs, values, and practices must be understood within the context of a culture, and that one culture should not judge another by its own standards. While this approach fosters respect and reduces ethnocentric bias, Ebadi challenges its darker application, namely, when it is wielded to justify or perpetuate human rights abuses.

By framing cultural relativism as an “excuse,” Ebadi spotlights how regimes, institutions, or individuals may appeal to tradition, religion, or social norms to evade accountability for violating rights that, by international consensus, belong to all humans. For example, practices such as female genital mutilation, child marriage, and restrictions on freedom of expression or gender equality are sometimes defended under the auspices of protecting cultural sovereignty or identity. Ebadi argues that this protection of culture becomes a shield for oppression, preventing scrutiny and change by invoking the rhetoric of relativism.

Her statement implies a belief in universal principles of human rights, rights that are not subject to negotiation based on geography or tradition. Such a view aligns with documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which sets minimum standards for dignity, liberty, and justice, regardless of cultural context. Ebadi’s criticism is particularly powerful coming from her background as an Iranian lawyer and Nobel Laureate who witnessed, firsthand, the suppression of rights under the justification of local custom and law.

Ultimately, the quotation urges vigilance against the misuse of cultural relativism. Respect for diversity is essential, but not at the cost of overlooking or permitting violations that harm individuals’ fundamental freedoms. The struggle, then, lies in distinguishing genuine cultural differences from practices that systematically deny human dignity, and ensuring that the universal defense of human rights remains paramount.