"Universalism as an ideal is as old as nay, is probably much more ancient than the Christian ideal"

Arthur Keith’s observation that “Universalism as an ideal is as old as nay, is probably much more ancient than the Christian ideal” draws attention to the profound antiquity and pervasive nature of universalist thought in human history. Universalism, in its broadest sense, refers to the notion that all human beings share a fundamental equality or spiritual connection, or are subject to the same moral or ethical principles, irrespective of specific cultural, religious, or tribal affiliations. Keith situates this vision of connectedness and inclusivity as a current running deeply through the collective consciousness, predating even the emergence of Christianity.

Christianity is often credited with promoting ideals such as loving one's neighbor, valuing every individual, and extending compassion beyond kin and tribe. Yet, Keith contends that the roots of universalism extend much further. Before monotheistic religions arose, philosophical, spiritual, and ethical systems in ancient civilizations proposed ideas echoing universal connection. For instance, ancient Indian texts like the Rig Veda refer to “the world as one family.” Persian Zoroastrianism and classical Greek philosophies also emphasized the unity or brotherhood of humankind. Even tribal societies, sometimes presumed as parochial, developed rituals recognizing otherness and avenues for peacemaking, indicating an awareness of common humanity.

Keith’s statement suggests that universalism emerges not from religious doctrines alone but from deep-seated impulses within human societies to reach beyond divisions, whether of clan, tribe, nation, or creed. This impulse likely stems from the necessities of coexistence, empathy, and the psychological benefits of peace and mutual aid. Christian universalism, then, is seen as one expression of a much older and broader human aspiration, one that has found resonance in multiple cultures and epochs.

Recognizing the antiquity of universalism invites reconsideration of prevailing narratives about the birth, ownership, or uniqueness of such ideals. It prompts appreciation of humanity’s long-standing struggle toward inclusion, empathy, and shared dignity, an endeavor ever ancient, yet ever new.