"All diplomacy is a continuation of war by other means"

Zhou Enlai’s assertion that all diplomacy is a continuation of war by other means presents a sobering perspective on international relations, revealing a pragmatic view of how states pursue their interests on the global stage. Rather than viewing diplomacy and war as opposites, the statement suggests they are points along a continuum, both driven by the same fundamental motives: the pursuit, protection, and expansion of power and national interest.

Traditionally, diplomacy is considered the peaceful negotiation of disputes, utilizing dialogue, persuasion, and compromise. War, on the other hand, is regarded as the resort to force and violence when such measures break down. Zhou’s remark collapses this dichotomy. It aligns with the classic understanding of Carl von Clausewitz, who argued that "war is the continuation of politics by other means". However, Zhou reverses the lens: just as war serves political ends, diplomacy is not the abandonment of struggle but its transformation. The tools change, armies give way to embassies, generals to diplomats, violence to negotiation, but the objective persists. Nations seek advantage, defend interests, and, when necessary, apply pressure through economic sanctions, alliances, or multilateral treaties, all while avoiding open conflict.

This viewpoint highlights the inherent competition and latent antagonism in international affairs. Even when engaging in dialogue or cooperation, states remain vigilant, often concealing strategic intentions behind polite discourse. Tensions simmer beneath the surface, and diplomatic engagement can serve as a camouflage for coercion, subversion, or the gathering of intelligence. Diplomacy, therefore, becomes a battleground of wits and maneuvering, where words, gestures, and agreements are wielded as weapons.

Ultimately, Zhou’s observation invites skepticism toward idealistic notions of diplomacy as purely benevolent or collaborative. It urges recognition of the persistent realities of power and rivalry, reminding us that peace is often preserved not by transcending conflict, but by continuously adapting its methods.