"For peace is not mere absence of war, but is a virtue that springs from, a state of mind, a disposition for benevolence, confidence, justice"

Peace, as described by Spinoza, transcends the limited notion of simply not engaging in warfare. It is not a passive void left when conflict ceases, nor is it defined solely by the silence of weapons. Instead, peace is an active presence, a quality or virtue woven into the fabric of how individuals and societies think and behave. At its core, it emerges from an internal state, a frame of mind that nurtures positive values and constructive habits.

Benevolence forms a foundational element in this understanding of peace. It reflects an orientation toward goodwill and kindness, a readiness to act with empathy and compassion toward others. When people cultivate benevolence, they create an environment where the seeds of hostility struggle to take root. Such benevolence springs not from obligation or fear, but from a genuine concern for the welfare of others, setting the tone for harmonious coexistence.

Confidence, in this context, refers to mutual trust. It is the assurance that others intend good, allowing people to feel secure in their interactions and relationships. Where confidence prevails, suspicion and fear give way to openness and collaboration. Trust forms the bedrock for meaningful connections, reducing the likelihood of misunderstandings and conflicts germinating from anxiety or insecurity.

Justice, the last virtue cited, demands fairness, respect for rights, and equitable treatment. It ensures that grievances have a place to be heard and addressed, diminishing the chance that disputes escalate into violence. A just society fosters a sense of security, as people believe they will not be exploited or wronged without recourse.

Spinoza’s view highlights that peace is not merely external or circumstantial; it is the embodiment of an internal, moral orientation. Societies and individuals who cultivate benevolence, confidence, and justice foster lasting peace, not as a fragile pause between wars, but as a robust, enduring state of being.