"If I am not for myself, who will be for me? If I am not for others, what am I? And if not now, when?"

Rabbi Hillel’s powerful triad of questions is a perennial exploration of personal responsibility, altruism, and the urgency of action. The opening line, “If I am not for myself, who will be for me?” challenges each individual to prioritize self-respect and self-care. Self-advocacy is essential; no one can truly advocate for our interests better than ourselves. This does not advocate selfishness, but instead, establishes the necessity of possessing a sense of individual worth. Without a foundation of self-support, one is vulnerable to neglect, exploitation, or passivity, waiting for external rescue that may never come.

The second question, “If I am not for others, what am I?” introduces the moral imperative to transcend self-interest. Life attains meaning and value by contributing to the wellbeing of others. Even as it is crucial to be one’s own advocate, it is equally vital to avoid self-absorption. Fulfillment develops through sharing, kindness, and social responsibility. To exist without compassion or concern for community and others’ welfare reduces one to a self-serving and incomplete being. True identity, Hillel implies, is deeply tied to our connections with others and to the actions we take on their behalf.

The final challenge, “If not now, when?” underscores the importance of immediate and decisive action. Moral insights or good intentions accomplish little without the courage to translate them into deeds. Hillel calls us to recognize the fleeting nature of time and the dangers of procrastination. Opportunities to champion ourselves, help others, and effect change rarely wait for perfect circumstances. Thus, the present moment demands our response.

Collectively, these three intertwined questions offer a holistic ethical blueprint: honor yourself, care for your fellow beings, and act without delay. Hillel’s words continue to urge individuals to balance self-care, communal responsibility, and the courage to act, framing a vision for living a virtuous and engaged life.